Buffon’s needle assumes a flat space, while a non-Euclidean space or geometry would affect the probability leading to a different value other than pi. You can treat the space around us as Euclidean, but that isn’t true for every part of the universe.
Even in a non-Euclidean space with positive or negative curvature, the limit of the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle as the diameter goes to zero is pi.
But Norway and Switzerland are two countries where I'd assume you don't see as many 20 year old cars as you do in the opposite parts of Europe. Many cars since the early 2000s don't have those standardized boxy stereos you could just swap anymore. You can make the point that people can just tune in through their phone but most people won't go through the hassle every time they sit in a (company owned, for example) car. I doubt FM is going away this decade, perhaps even longer, for most of the world. As for Europe, there's also Romania with their longwave AM broadcasts.
Norway still have local FM radios. It's just the big public and commercial stations which were forced to move to DAB. When that's said, I believe there are fewer and fewer local stations available.
All cars in Europe support DAB (digital radio) for the last ~5 years by law.
Pretty much all cars also support bluetooth, USB sticks, and some still have Aux in. Some support various internet radio/music (spotify etc). Most cars support Android Auto/Carplay, wired and wireless, giving you access to anything your phone supports.
In theory any old car can support DAB+ but car accessory manufacturers like to as ridiculous amount of money for car radios, so I doubt this change will occur faster than the car replacement rate.
DAB+ has been a complete failure so far. Its reception issues are even worse than FM and of the few people I know that have even heard of it, nobody cares. The benefactors of the DAB+ transition aren't the people listening tk the radio, but the radio stations fighting for frequency space.
if you think DAB a failure, then the "we" I meant is just unevenly distributed.
(norway and switzerland are both mountainous countries, which meant the same FM station had to maintain several different transmitters on numerous frequencies — if you're in a country flat enough to serve with vanilla sugar and hagelslag, might that have something to do with our divergent experiences?)
The average age of a Norwegian car is still 11 years (https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/05528/tableViewLayout1/), not the five since DAB+ has been mandated. I don't know if Norway has a large car radio upgrading scene, but support is still far from guaranteed. Broadcasters may have switched away, but with the modern omnipresence of services like Spotify, I wouldn't be surprised if the cars not supporting DAB simply don't use their radio anymore. Based on the numbers I can find, 30% of Norwegian cars still can't receive DAB broadcasts and at the time of the switchover only a third of the cars on the road could even receive DAB transmissions. Percentages improve if you also count home radios (that's where the 97% number comes from) but it's a lot easier to install a new radio at home than it is to upgrade your car.
Furthermore, DAB transmits on an even higher frequency than FM, so mountainous areas will need more transmitters than with plain FM, not less. Sure, the combined digital streams DAB provides are used to reduce the amount of transmitter installations, but that also could've happened with FM.
DAB is far from a failure. It'll eventually replace FM by mandate, because there's an incentive for governments to let more radio stations pay for broadcasting licenses. However, it's also far from a success at the moment. Access to streaming services such a Spotify or the internet broadcasts of the radio stations themselves has probably eased the transition as well.
I haven't listened to FM, AM, DAB, or anything broadcast since I've been able to connect my phone to my car (20 years?).
Why would I listen to what the station programmers decide (and possibly riddled with ads) when I can configure my phone to play whatever I want when I want?
I’ve never used radio in my current car. Yes, I connect my phone to my car and, if I don’t have cell reception, plenty of music in my library. That’s probably pretty normal.
I think you’re misunderstanding the original FTC Noncompete Rule Ban. It would currently apply to employers other than senior executives to prevent trade secrets to be hired away. Additionally, they provide alternatives that won’t allow for trade secrets to leave a company such as NDA’s, which is what most non-competes have to prevent dissemination of trade secrets.
It has to do with the wave-particle duality of matter. As you more finely attempt to measure the momentum (a more fundamental measurement compared to kinetic energy) and its location, you run into the wave-like nature of matter. It becomes more of a distribution rather than a point measurement. I won’t attempt to show the mathematics behind this, I’ll leave that for a physicist or mathematician.
There was an article posted here recently that argued quite well for the wave-only view, avoiding the wave-particle duality by accepting that particles don't exist:
I believe that’s too narrow of a viewpoint and disregards the nuances of the relationship between graduate students and their universities. In recent times universities have increasingly relied on grad students for teaching and research functions. If you asked a graduate student to describe their experience they will most likely compare it to a job because it has the same responsibilities as one.
I’m not sure you can treat the lack of affordable housing as an indictment of democracy as an institution. Of course there’s more nuance to the issue, but it’s not as simple as people get what they want.
