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Since we can't really formally prove most code, I think property based testing such as with hypothesis[1] would make sense. I have not used it yet, but am about to for stuff that really needs to work.

[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45818562


We can't really property test most code. So it comes down, as with everything, to good judgement and experience.


You can property test most code.


> The F150 has an EV variant that will probably be affordable by Dutch road standards, given the general price of the average EV.

The government is ramping up the tax rates for EVs. They will pay road tax based on their weight in a few years.


Not saying you're wrong, but I wonder what is the differentiating factor for software? We can build huge things like airliners, massive bridges and buildings without starting small.

Incremental makes less sense to me when you want to go to mars. Would you propose to write the software for such a mission in an incremental fashion too?

Yet for software systems it is sometimes proposed as the best way.


> We can build huge things like airliners, massive bridges and buildings without starting small.

We did start small with all of those things. We developed rigorous disciplines around engineering, architecture, material sciences. And people died along the way in the thousands[0][1]

People are still dying from those failures; The Boeing 737 MAX 9 crash was only two years ago.

> Incremental makes less sense to me when you want to go to mars.

This is yet another reason why a manned Mars mission will be exceedingly dangerous NOT a strike against incremental development and deployment.

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_building_and_structure...

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incident...


All of the things you mentioned are designed and tested incrementally. Furthermore software has been used on Mars missions in the past, and that software was also developed incrementally. It’s proposed as the best way because it’s a way that has a track record


> All of the things you mentioned are designed and tested incrementally.

In a different way that what is proposed in this thread. We don't build a small bridge and grow it. We build small bridges, develop a theory for building bridges and use that to design the big bridge.

I don't know of any theory of computing that would help us design a "big" program at once.


Very cool, thanks for sharing!


thanks!


Glide ratio and weight are not related. Weight shifts the glide Polar to higher speeds and theoretically improves it slightly due to Reynolds effects.


"Weight doesn't affect glide ratio" is one of these things I learned why taking flying lessons that still feels counterintuitive every time I read it.

(Don't worry, reader, I never intended to get a pilot's license.)


I don't think it's completely true. Higher weight increases the speed at which the glide ratio is optimal, and drag (parasitic drag in particular, unrelated to generating lift) increases with the square of speed. Basically, flying faster wastes more energy. That effect is going to dominate at some point, probably about 120 km/h or so with a typical glider. At 200 km/h, the glide ratio is garbage (but it's fun). I have flown gliders.

I'm not sure if simple descriptions of the phenomenon that glide ratio is independent of weight are missing an asterisk or if I'm just wrong...

A decent glider has a ratio of 1:40, an A320 1:17. Is the A320 a "bad plane" or is it optimized for higher speed with the corresponding worse glide ratio? (It also has engines that produce a lot of drag when gliding)


I don't know. On one hand there's your take.

On another hand, there are CFIs, the FAA, books, etc.

I've only found one search result that agrees with you, so far, and at least a dozen that disagree, but the one that agrees with you has no math in it, and the ones that disagree mostly seem to depend on the same source info, so that doesn't feel conclusive in either direction.

The Wikipedia page on lift-to-drag ratio also believes weight does not matter to the ratio.

As a side note, your 200km/h example also sounds like it's just not the correct angle of attack or airspeed for the aircraft, so I'm not sure if that example applies?


As a separate reply, I'll add that I think finding where/if this breaks is pretty academic.

Eg: you wouldn't build a glider out of heavy material that gives you huge speeds but also huge sink rates.

So I think the entire glide ratio conversation mostly fits in the "your plane is fully loaded" vs "your plane is empty" scenario, and the point is that your best glide ratio will be constant, but you'll be gliding at higher speeds if you have more weight.


Gliders utilize Laminar profiles, while airliners use turbulent profiles.

The Laminar profiles perform better, but only when uncontaminated (no bugs or rain). Contaminated turbulent profiles perform better than contaminated Laminar profiles. Since regulations state that you should carry fuel for the worst case scenario, it does not yet make sense to design airliners with Laminar profiles.

Naturally, manufacturers are looking for ways around this.


So, 2 gliders with identical geometry, one standard and one made of lead will have the same glide angle? That sounds unlikely.


There is an asterisk that you have to be at the right glide velocity, but yes: they'll have the same glide angle. The leaden one will just go significantly faster. And yes, it does sound unlikely. That's why I made my previous comment.

Here are a couple of many posts on the topic:

- https://gronskiy.com/posts/glide-ratio-lift-to-drag-and-weig...

- https://skybrary.aero/articles/glide-performance


Thanks for the links. Weight may cancel out of the equations, but (being a bit pedantic) I suspect 'glide angle in independent of weight' only holds up to a point. Taking things to extremes, if the glider is heavy enough that you are going to have to go supersonic then I suspect a lot of the assumptions become invalid.

NB/ spherical cows are unable to glide in a vacuum.


Make a paper airplane and drop it. It likely won't go much further than your feet. Throw it gently and it will go some distance. Throw it harder and it will go further. Glide ratio is the horizontal distance over vertical distance. The vertical distance is the product of (lift - mass)*t^2 where lift is a function of the shape of the wings and the airspeed. So given a higher mass and the same lift, the time to hit the ground will be less when the glider is dropped at 1000ft. Increase the airspeed and you'll have more lift to negate the higher mass. The increased airspeed also means your horizontal distance will be covered faster. The lead glider will travel the same path as the normal one but will be going a lot faster. The reason why gliders are built as light as possible is reduce the work required to lift them, the speed at which to release them, and the interia required to turn them. You also have the benefit of being able to land them at a lower airspeed without injury.


I assume it is a relevant enough concept to flying an aircraft (which also happens to be the context of TFA) that you learn about it while flying.

I guess another thing worth noting is that "glide ratio" isn't the same as "gliding" in the "flying a glider" context.

The space shuttle is probably the most famous glider, and was described as "a flying brick" and getting it to the ground at the right spot was very much a matter of glide ratio. Worth noting the space shuttle's speeds started off as hypersonic.

By comparison, a typical glider's built to be able to take advantage of air currents to regain altitude, and I'm not sure how weight affects that.


Weight affects speed with minimum sink. That affects the diameter of the circle you fly. Since thermals have more lift towards the center (assuming perfectly circular thermals), you are not able to circle in the strongest lift. So you climb more slowly.

You can glide faster with the same L/D, so that might be worth it if you try to optimize for speed.


Intersting! Thanks for chiming in. :)


The same angle, but at different speeds. The speed is multiplied by the square root of the weight ratio (new/reference).

The minimum speed, at which the critical aoa is reached, increases. And therefore the take off and landing speeds.


I don't get why this got some downvotes.

It does sound unlikely, and it's not like the comment is saying "no f'ing way!!" It's about as polite a way to say "that's weird" as anything.


In agile circles I have seen this exercise:

Have two people sit next to each other, each with a blank piece of paper and a pen.

Have them both simultaneously write down the numbers from 1 to 1: one time in decimal, one time in roman numbers and one time as letters of the alphabet (a=1, b=2...)

One person goes about it system by system (first decimal, then Roman... ). The other goes about it number by number (1,I,A,2,II,B...)

Time them both and compare their times.


One instance that crosses my mind often is the airbus a320 incident at Hamburg in 2008. Everything was done right there, but the requirements were wrong.

Despite all the procedures and tests, the software still managed to endanger the lives of the passengers.


The Boeing 737 MAX had an additional safety feature that was causing crashes due to bad input from the sensors, that pilots didn't know about so they couldn't override. This was 2018 and 2019. After the first crash, the manuals and training were updated to explain what was going on and how to override it.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneuvering_Characteristics_Au...


Interesting, do you happen to have a case study?



Speaking of Airbus, They 'lost' 3-4 different aircraft (from 1988 to 2015) which crashed during development, or, spectacularly during their first airshow. Never slowed down their customers at ALL, and to this day, Boeing has never lost one new commercial airliner in those same circumstances. Yet, Boeing gets all the hate. smh


I'd nominate modern fighter cockpits, such as: - Saab Gripen: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QVIMD3DA7I - F-35 JSF: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88vCjQ8fCb0


My understanding of Taoism is that it's all about moderation, balance.

There is probably a lot of long-term value in your process. Given my understanding, I would expect you to look at your employer holistically too, and realize that short term results are also valuable in their own way.

Like with yin-yang, short-term results hold within them the long term results: the money earnt enables the company to exist in the long term. Lessons learnt from delivering value can spark insight for architecture in the future.

Vice versa, the long term enables the short term. A codebase with little technical debt allows you to quickly implement changes in the short term.


> The system dispensed with a passive common bus and replaced it with an active switching hub to which hosts were attached.

I get the impression that the standard still allows hubs to exist, but that you just don't see them in practice.

I would be interested if anyone has ever used a 100mbit hub.


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