I like its ability to show the different map layers, and it has great information screens that show things like GPS coordinates and such, great for geohashing or geocaching. Also has a cool display of how many satellites are visible and whether they're GPS or GLONASS or whatever.
The track recording feature is also nice, saving as a gpx file that can be easily uploaded to the openstreetmap online iD editor with drag-and-drop.
My phone was affected by this, and I can confirm I had the original barcode scanner app in your first link installed, and I'd had it installed for years.
I now use Google Lens through the default phone app.
A way to store a surplus food that contains high protean and fat is another huge benefit of dairy. Hard cheeses can be stored for years in the right conditions and these conditions are achievable for ancient people (caves).
Good point. Back then salt was valuable in places just short distances from the ocean. Humans need salt, especially when doing hard physical labor, sweating all day.
Batteries are now a viable option. They can pull power from the overhead lines or third rail when available and run on batteries when power isn't available. The LiFePO4 batteries are a drop-in replacement for existing diesel generators, so producing them is easy.
For a single small passenger car without any grade, maybe.
From that video: 90kw/hr of battery. At peak power output of 180kw, you could run that for 30 minutes.
The ubiquitous GE Dash-9 used in freight service here in the US generates >3000kw and can run all day. They're also usually run in multiples to pull long heavy trains.
I wouldn't expect to see battery powered trains in the US anytime soon, except maybe short passenger-only lines on the east coast (which are probably viable for electrification anyway).
You, strangely, ignored the parent's point that you would just be using the batteries to reduce the amount of overhead wires you need, i.e. one would have opportunity to recharge several times a day.
(It's not helpful to focus on the specifics of a proof of concept--unimportant in this discussion about what is feasible--versus the fundamental figures of merit of the technology... Unless one is prepared to make the case that the specifics are the limits of the technology.)
There are 100MW power, 100MWh energy lithium ion batteries installed already (with 1GWh on the way). There's no technical reason you couldn't have battery powered trains. The "batteries are too weak" argument is dead.
A tesla powerpack is 50kw, 210kwh, and weighs 3500lbs.
A freight train that would normally be pulled by four 3,000kw diesel electric locomotives would need 240 powerpacks, and could run for four hours before needing a full recharge. Those powerpacks would weigh 420 tons - the equivalent of say, four fully loaded freight cars, and cost around $25M (plus whatever the locomotives cost).
The diesel-electric locomotives are a couple million each, ready-to-run.
Ah hah you say, you only need the batteries between catenaries! How fast do you think you can charge those batteries? If you can charge the same as the full discharge rate, then you need 50% of your track to be electrified, and you need it every four hours (assuming you're willing to risk full discharge cycles). Trains don't move very fast, so that's pretty closely spaced. And even worse, you now need electrical infrastructure with twice the capacity - you need to charge the battery and move the train.
Sure there's no technical reason you couldn't do this, but the economics are not looking good. Batteries are too weak.
Why assume 4 hours with a recharge? I'm thinking closer to max 15 mins without a recharge.
This would allow skipping electrification in some tunnels; in rail yards; on track segments shared with non-electrified trains; and anywhere that it's too hard to run electric lines.
Sure... but now you're only saving a small percentage of the total electrification cost, and paying for increased cost, complexity, and maintenance of locomotives. It's not an obvious win.
> Furthermore, it makes zero sense to compare "3000kw x 4 hours" since diesel electric locomotives can run for N>>>4 hours.
This is simply you reframing the conversation from using batteries to allow hybrid electric trains to use short sections of non-electrified tracks to hybrid electric trains won't work because they don't have the range of a diesel locomotive.
I'm going to put this down as you're unwilling to argue fairly and thus lost this argument.
You're not comparing hybrid against diesel-electric, you're comparing hybrid against fully electric. The cost of putting batteries in your rolling stock might or might not be higher than electrifying the last 5%. Either way, it's small compared to the cost of electrifying the 95%.
Note that the eastern seaboard (with its bridges and tunnels and topography) is getting electrified; the long and flat midwest is not.
You just did it again. Used specifics from one application to pessimistically (and wrongly) apply to the technology generally. Also, you keep assuming the 4 3000kW locomotives will be running flat out, which is a terrible assumption (and would cause a conventional locomotive to quickly deplete its fuel, if not destroy its engine).
Here, I'll do it for you. Good Panasonic cells get about 250Wh/kg, or 0.9MJ/kg. Assume an electric-optimized locomotive would be able to achieve about half its weight in cells, with a useful energy density of 0.45MJ/kg. Assume about 1 locomotive for every 9 cars, and with each car weighing the same as each locomotive. So the whole train's effective energy density is 0.045MJ/kg.
The "rolling resistance" of a typical train is about 0.002, conservatively. That is a weight of 1 kgf has a resistance of 0.002kgf. (EDIT: This is a good assumption that works up to 60mph, the speed limit of freight trains, but at the typical low average speed of freight trains, it's actually about half that value: https://slideplayer.com/slide/4696076/15/images/12/Freight+T... )
That's enough to go from the center of the continental US to the coast on a single charge. (and from what I understand, 1 engine for every 9 cars is not uncommon)
If we have one engine for every 4 cars, you can now cross the continental US on a single charge. But remember, the discussion was about multiple recharges per trip, so there's WAY more battery here than you actually need.
And to just give an idea of the power available, 130 tons is a typical car laden weight. 65 tons of Panasonic cells gives you 16.25MWh of storage. Cells like that can discharge their cells about 12 minutes. Lets make it 30 minutes, conservatively. That gives a power at the cell level of 32500 kilowatts, ten times your 3000kW locomotive. Batteries are plenty powerful.
(And the cost is offset easily in fuel costs, as long as the battery is given the usage of about one full cycle at least once a week.)
You might point out energy requirements for braking and climbing hills. But remember that one of the greatest advantages of battery-electrics is regenerative braking. Most of the energy consumed in increasing elevation can be recovered on the way back down.
(As far as costs go, the battery pack should--including the price of industrial electricity and typical costs for automotive batteries at scale--pay for itself in fuel cost savings in about 500 cycle-equivalents while the cells should last at least 1000... meaning the overall added cost is potentially negative... meaning it's a market opportunity.)
Can you even transfer close to 3000 kW through any overhead wires or third rail systems? It seems like 25 kV is the max voltage overhead lines run at. That's 120 A that you need to transfer through a sliding conductor. That sounds problematic to me, but I don't really know for sure...?
And if you are proposing using batteries to reduce the amount of overhead wires you need, then the average power you need to transfer while connected to the wires increases, not decreases.
If we take the hypothetical electric locomotive with a battery pack, it would probably decrease the peak load on the lines. You only need maximum power at acceleration and climb. The battery is perfectly capable at helping with the peaks, while recharging during the cruise when the power demand is low.
A TGV can take over 12MW. It uses a single contact feeding the two power cars at each end of the train to avoid problems with oscillations in the overhead line at high speeds.
There is an excellent book written by a science journalist who spent 10 years doing a deep dive on the best available scientific evidence surrounding dietary fats. It explains why it is so difficult to find high-quality evidence for anything in nutrition science and, having been written by a journalist, it also does a decent job of investigating the history and politics that have coloured diet advice over the last century or so.
I'd rather not believe the picture painted by one book author as opposed to Wikipedia and "World Health Organization,[1] the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Medicine,[2] the American Dietetic Association,[3] the Dietitians of Canada,[3] the British Dietetic Association,[4] American Heart Association,[5] the British Heart Foundation,[6] the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada,[7] the World Heart Federation,[8] the British National Health Service,[9] the United States Food and Drug Administration,[10] and the European Food Safety Authority.[11]"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat_and_cardiovasc...
That Wikipedia article doesn't really support your contention that vegetable oils are healthy and animal fats are unhealthy. That is, at the very least, a gross simplification. In my opinion, the research is not yet good enough to draw any such definitive conclusion.
Vegetable oils have been a large part of the human diet for less than 100 years, but have been progressively increasingly consumed by western populations, especially in the U.S. In that time overall cardiovascular health has trended in what direction?
Anyway, this might all be a sideshow to the general reduction in calories being derived from fat in general. The replacement of calories from fat with calories from carbohydrates seems particularly harmful when taken to an extreme, especially for women.
But, again, my main contention is that the evidence is at best preliminary, based on observational studies which cannot show cause and effect, and often poorly controlled and based on small numbers of participants. The largest, best controlled studies often don't support the mainstream view. It's simply not scientifically settled.
For what it's worth, as someone who grew up in the 80s and 90s when the mainstream nutrition advice, supported by many of the organizations you've listed, was "eat lots of bread and pasta!" and "Fat is bad for you!" and "Stay away from eggs!", I'm more interested in what the actual underlying studies say, and how they were conducted, than any summarized "advice" coming from these organizations.
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.codesector...
I like its ability to show the different map layers, and it has great information screens that show things like GPS coordinates and such, great for geohashing or geocaching. Also has a cool display of how many satellites are visible and whether they're GPS or GLONASS or whatever.
The track recording feature is also nice, saving as a gpx file that can be easily uploaded to the openstreetmap online iD editor with drag-and-drop.