The most universal and perpetual you can make it is probably one country (possibly e.g the EU or similar) and of course “perpetual” will only ever mean “until political will changes”.
It’s important to remember that there is a massive difference between adopting a UBI in a large welfare state like Finland as opposed to eg the US.
For a small UBI it’s effectively just a matter of first moving many different systems into a single one.
When I was a student I was paid $600/mo or thereabouts to study.
Now I’m a well paid dev and parent. We get a child grant for two kids of $300/mo and a daycare subsidy of around $2k per month for the two of them.
Those child grants/subsidies require no application or qualification. Obviously under a UBI a lot of that would be shifted into the UBI instead so instead of using subsidized daycare people would choose not to work for a while.
So I think it’s entirely possible for some of the Nordic welfare states to change to a UBI-like system. The payout might not be a living wage (as in this experiment) but it could replace student grants, minimum unemployment benefits, minimum pensions, daycare subsidy etc. For full time workers it would just be a huge tax credit (probably offset by an even larger tax hike)
Meanwhile I think it would be extremely hard for the US to do the same, because UBI without the intermediate step of a massive welfare state just isn’t going to be easy.
It’s important to remember that there is a massive difference between adopting a UBI in a large welfare state like Finland as opposed to eg the US.
For a small UBI it’s effectively just a matter of first moving many different systems into a single one.
When I was a student I was paid $600/mo or thereabouts to study.
Now I’m a well paid dev and parent. We get a child grant for two kids of $300/mo and a daycare subsidy of around $2k per month for the two of them.
Those child grants/subsidies require no application or qualification. Obviously under a UBI a lot of that would be shifted into the UBI instead so instead of using subsidized daycare people would choose not to work for a while.
So I think it’s entirely possible for some of the Nordic welfare states to change to a UBI-like system. The payout might not be a living wage (as in this experiment) but it could replace student grants, minimum unemployment benefits, minimum pensions, daycare subsidy etc. For full time workers it would just be a huge tax credit (probably offset by an even larger tax hike)
Meanwhile I think it would be extremely hard for the US to do the same, because UBI without the intermediate step of a massive welfare state just isn’t going to be easy.