If you change one of those numbers, you'll need to rejigger the rest, and you'd need to reoptimize. And there are competing goals which at least include:
- maximize access to biophysical/chemical diversity
- minimize energy expenditure to produce each component, chemically
- minimize energy expenditure to both copy instructions & produce products
- maximize information fidelity
- minimize or at least degrade gracefully in the context of errors
In the context of a 3-base system, you very well could throw off those optimizations given the consequences for the other 2 parameters (#AA & nt/AA). 3^3 = 27, which is very close to the maximum of 20 amino acids. Which means you'd probably need a 4nt->AA translation layer to keep the same number of AAs, and that alone would add 30% more energy expenditure. If you kept the 3nt->AA system you'd BOTH need to reduce the number of accessible amino acids AND you'd lose some of the error correction mechanisms of having degenerate codons code for the same amino acid.
DNA base set, Amino acid set, Translation layer between DNA/Proteins.
Currently, we've got: 4 DNA bases, 3 bases/AA, 20 AAs; 4^3 => 20
If you change one of those numbers, you'll need to rejigger the rest, and you'd need to reoptimize. And there are competing goals which at least include: - maximize access to biophysical/chemical diversity - minimize energy expenditure to produce each component, chemically - minimize energy expenditure to both copy instructions & produce products - maximize information fidelity - minimize or at least degrade gracefully in the context of errors
In the context of a 3-base system, you very well could throw off those optimizations given the consequences for the other 2 parameters (#AA & nt/AA). 3^3 = 27, which is very close to the maximum of 20 amino acids. Which means you'd probably need a 4nt->AA translation layer to keep the same number of AAs, and that alone would add 30% more energy expenditure. If you kept the 3nt->AA system you'd BOTH need to reduce the number of accessible amino acids AND you'd lose some of the error correction mechanisms of having degenerate codons code for the same amino acid.