To me that reads 3x, not "almost 10x". The main differrence here is probably power. A desktop/server is happy to send 15W to the SSD and hundreds of watts to the CPU, while a laptop wants the SSD running in the ~1 watt range and the CPU in the 10s of watts range.
There's over twice as much content in the first test. It's around 3.8gb/s vs 30gb/s if you divide both folder size and both du durations. That makes it 7.9 times faster and I'm comfortable calling this "almost 10 times".
The total size isn't what matters in this case but rather the total number of files/directories that need to be traversed (and their file sizes summed).
Example:
And on my laptop that has a gen3, lower spec NVMe: It's almost 10 times faster. The CPU must have something to do with it too but they're both Ryzen 9.